Khizr Khan
 |
Khizr Khan
|
Sultan of Delhi
Founder of the Sayyid
Dynasty
Reign – A.D. 1414 to
1421
The childhood of
Khizr Khan was passed in the abode of Malik Nasiruddin Mardan Daulat, the
Governor of Multa. After the death of Mardan Daulat, Khizr Khan was appointed
Governor of Multan by Sultan Firoz Tughluq due to his efficiency and military
virtues. Khizr Khan took active part in the war of succession after the death
of Firoz Tughluq. He joined hands with Timur when he made an invasion of India
in A.D. 1398 and soon became his favorite due to his qualities of head and
heart. Gradually he reached the position of commander in the army of Timur.
When Timur, after the conquest and plunder of India, departed from here, he
appointed Khizr Khan as his representative in India to look after the
administration of conquered provinces and bestowed sovereign powers on him.
After the
departure of Timur the condition of Delhi deteriorated gradually. The
provincial Governors of Malwa, Jaunpur and Gujarat refused to accept the sway
of Delhi Sultanate and dirty party politics prevailed in the court of Delhi.
Khokhars started revolts on the north-west frontier and the Sultan Mahmood of
Delhi was running to and fro like a refugee. At last he breathed is last in
A.D. 1413 and Daulat Khan established his control over Delhi for the time being
but as chaos and disorder persisted in the kingdom, Khizr Khan took advantage
of the situation. He defeated Daulat Khan and himself became the Sultan of
Delhi in A.D. 1414.
Khizr Khan ruled
over India from A.D. 1414 to 1421. When he ascended the throne, the condition
of Delhi was quite deplorable. Chaos, confusion and anarchy prevailed
throughout the kingdom. A conflict was still going on for supremacy among the
nobles. Malwa, Jaunpur and Gujarat had already declared their independence. The
Hindus rulers of Doab had also declared their freedom and stopped payment of
Taxes to the Sultan.
Khizr Khan, just
after his succession, rearranged some important offices so that the work of
administration could be done efficiently. Although Khizr Khan failed to achieve
any significant success, yet he established law and order in the empire by
suppression of revolts.
Khizr Khan
achieved some victories and extended the frontier of his territory. In A.D.
1412, the army of Khizr Khan invaded Gujarat. In A.D. 1416, Khizr Khan made an
invasion on Bayana and Gwalior. He soon achieved success against both the
rulers. After this the forces of Khizr Khan marched against Sirhind and its
ruler. The ruler of Sirhind ultimately agreed to pay annual tribute to the
Dultan of Delhi. In A.D. 1421 before his death Khizr Khan launched a terrible
attack on Mewat. The army of Khizr Khan inflicted severe punishments on Mewatis
and forced them to bow down before the royal forces.
Having achieved
victory over the Mewatis Khizr Khan retreated to Delhi. He felt sick in the way
and in spite of best efforts to save him, he breathed his last on May 20 A.D.
1421.
Khizr Khan passed
his life like a true Sayyid. He was kind and generous. He did not shed the
blood of innocent people. Although he crushed the revolts mercilessly, yet he
was not a cruel ruler like Balban or Alauddin Khalji. As most of the period of
his reign passed in the suppression of revolts, he could not pay attention to
the administrative reforms. His subjects
loved him very much and they all mourned his death. Ferishta remarks, “Great
and small, master and servant, sat and mourned for him wearing black till the
third day, when they laid aside their mourning addresses and raised his son
Mubarak Shah to the throne.”
He had a great
interest in arts and literature. Different historians have praised him for his
qualities of head and heart. Dr. A.L. Srivastave has remarked, “Khizr Khan was
the first and the ablest ruler of the so-called Sayyid Dynasty.”
Yahya-bin-Ahmad
has also written in his praise, “He was a clement and generous sovereign, full
of excellent qualities,”
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