Effect of the
Invasion of Timur
 |
| Timur |
Although the invasion
of Timur passed away like a storm and immediately things came to be as usual
but some of its significant effects were visible in political, social, economic
and cultural spheres.
Political Effects
The invasion of
Timur proved to be very effective in the political sphere.
First,
it gave a fatal blow to the feeble Tughluq Empire. In A.D. 1412, Khizr Khan
defeated Daulat Khan and sounded the death knell of the Tughluq Empire.
Secondly,
various provincial governors, taking advantages of the chaos and confusion
created by the invasion of Timur declared their independence. It shattered the
Tughluq Empire.
Thirdly, during the invasion of Timur, the
central government became quite feeble and confusion prevailed everywhere in
the Sultanate. Entire India was divided into small states which had no harmony
among one another. Thus, the invasion of Timur shattered the political set-up
of India.
Fourthly, after the invasion of Timur, foreigners began
to invade India again and at last Babur invaded India and laid the foundation
of the Mughal Empire.
Economic and Social Effects
First, most significant motive of the invasion of Timur
was to plunder the wealth of India and he succeeded in it. He plundered palaces, town and temples and
carried lost of wealth from India to Samarkand.
Secondly, Timur
devastated the villages and towns during his invasion. He also destroyed
palatial buildings and temples. The ancient glory of Delhi was ruined by Timur
and it took years for Delhi to regain its lost prestige.
Thirdly,
plundering and destroying caused great economic loss. Agriculture was destroyed
and trade and commerce were also adversely affected by this invasion.
Fourthly,
as the standing crops were destroyed and godowns plundered, famine and
epidemics spread in India after the retreat of Timur and people fell victims to
these calamities. Thus, the people were reduced to miserable conditions. Barani
remarks, that the entire city of Delhi was ruined, whosoever remained fell prey
to famine and pestilence.
Fifthly, as a result of Timur’s
invasion the social condition of India became deplorable. The Hindus started
performing marriages of their daughters and sisters at a very early age lest
they should be taken away by the Muslims. Thus child marriage flourished in
India.
Sixthly, most of the male members of the family were killed and social
security, law and order were in jeopardy. Terror and discontentment spread in
the society which encouraged antisocial elements.
Cultural Effects
The cultural
heritage of India was badly affected by the invasion of Timur. It gave a
setback to Indian art. He destroyed several buildings and temples which were
constructed after years of hard labour and were the best specimens of Indian
architecture. They could not be repaired for want of resources. Moreover, he
took many artists and handicrafts men to Samarkand. Thus, the country was
deprived of their services and development of arts was checked.
Indirectly, Timur
contributed to the rise of Indian culture. The small states which came into
existence as a result of his invasion rose as centers of education and
literature. Gujarat, Mabar, Jaunpur, Bengal, Khandesh and Vijaynagar
contributed a lot to the rise of Indian culture.
Indian art
flourished in Central Asia. Timur made some beautiful buildings in Samarkand
with the help of Indian artisans. Thus the Indian arts influenced the Central
Asian arts and flourished there.
Religious Effects
The chief motive
of the invasion of Timur was to oppress the ‘infidels’ and to expand Islam.
Timur slaughtered a large number of Hindus in order to achieve this motive.
Hindus were forced to embrace Islam and many more were enslaved. It created a
terror among the Hindus and they began to hate Islam. Thus his invasion
increased hostility between the Hindus and the Muslims and thus the chances of
Hindu-Muslim unity came to an end.
The invasion of
Timur was like a thunderbolt for India. It left the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi
prostrate and bleeding beyond the hopes of recovery but it proved advantageous
for other countries of Central Asia. Thus the process of disintegration was
completed by the invasion of Amir Timur and India was divided into regional
states and petty principalities.
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